Recent tensions in the Middle East and Asia have been interpreted in some sections of the media as religious conflict between Sunnis and Shias. Many Shias in the Levant were killed for their faith. [156], Syria is approximately three quarters Sunni,[157] but its government is predominantly Alawite, a Shia sect that makes up less than 13% of the population. Although he accompanied Muhammad for only four years, he managed to record ten times as many hadiths as Abu Bakr and Ali each. [203] According to the CIA World Factbook, Al Wefaq the largest Shia political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. 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This research paper has tried to focus on origin and development of Sunni-Shia division in Islam and also on its political, socio-economic implications and contemporary relations. Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab. [132], On the Shia side, in early February 2006 militia-dominated government death squads were reportedly "tortur[ing] to death or summarily" executing "hundreds" of Sunnis "every month in Baghdad alone," many arrested at random. [97], Many in the Muslim world explain the bloodshed as the work of conspiracies by outside forces"the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken [Arabs]" (Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Yusuf al-Qaradawi),[94] unspecified "enemies" (Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad),[98] or "oppressive pressure by the imperialist front." colleen bready married [108], While Shia make up roughly 10% of Saudi Arabia's population,[160] they form a large portion of the residents of the eastern province of Hasaby some estimates a majority[161]where much of the petroleum industry is based. promised "a thaw in relations between the two regional powers but stopped short of agreeing on any concrete plans to tackle the escalating sectarian and political crises throughout the Middle East."[257]. BeYOUtiful written by Shelina Janmohamed: Book Review. Under this pressure, Safavid subjects either converted or pretended to convert, but it is safe to say that the majority of the population was probably genuinely Shia by the end of the Safavid period in the 18th century, and most Iranians today are Shia, although there is still a Sunni minority. The Buyids, who were Zaidi and had a significant influence not only in the provinces of Persia but also in the capital of the caliphate in Baghdad, and even upon the caliph himself, provided a unique opportunity for the spread and diffusion of Shia thought. [225], Shia Muslims protest that they have been persecuted by the Nigerian government. In recent years, SunniShia relations have been increasingly marked by conflict,[15] particularly the IranSaudi Arabia proxy conflict. But for Sunnis, Ashura is a fasting day to remember the day Nuh (Noah) left the ark and the day that Musa (Moses) was saved from the Egyptians by Allah. The battle took place in 680 CE and while it became one of the causes of the split between Shia and Sunni Muslims, it happened long before religious differences between Sunni and Shia. The present demographic breakdown between the two denominations is difficult to assess and varies by source, with most approximations stating that 90% of the world's Muslims are Sunni and 10% are Shia, with most Shias belonging to the Twelver tradition and the rest divided between many other groups. [225] Its network is similar to that of Hezbollah in Lebanon, with a focus on Iran, its Supreme Leader, and fighting America as the enemy of Islam. Geographically, the Sunni/Shia picture differs across the Middle East and the rest of the world (see graphic, above). With the eruption of the Syrian Civil War, tensions increased between the Shia-affiliated Alawites and Sunnis of Tripoli, erupting twice into deadly violencein June 2011, and the second time in February 2012. Shia Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi is reported to have responded: The Wahhabis ignore the occupation of Islam's first Qiblah by Israel, and instead focus on declaring Takfiring fatwas against Shias. First, through the Asharis[clarification needed] at the end of the 7th and during the 8th century. However, with the advent of the Zengids and Ayyubids, the population of Shias dwindled greatly due to conversion and migrations. [173] In December 2006, amidst escalating tensions in Iraq, 38 high ranking Saudi clerics called on Sunni Muslims around the world to "mobilise against Shiites".[174]. He thus had to enforce official Shiism violently, putting to death those who opposed him. Forever grateful for all of Allahs blessings. Others insisted the Prophet had designated his cousin and son-in-law Ali as his legitimate heir. [255], Shia militias fighting ISIS have also been accused of atrocities. Some Wahabi groups, often labeled as takfiri and sometimes linked to Al-Qaeda, have even advocated the persecution of the Shia as heretics. [83] Millions of Saudi adhere to the school of Salafism which is a branch of Sunni Islam. [214], ShiaSunni strife in Pakistan is strongly intertwined with that in Afghanistan. A Misyar marriage differs from a conventional Islamic marriage in that the man does not have financial responsibility of the woman by her own free will. As of March 2015, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (or ISIS/ISIL, Daesh), a Salafi jihadi extremist militant group and self-proclaimed caliphate and Islamic state led by Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria,[248] had control over territory occupied by ten million people[249] in Iraq and Syria, as well as limited territorial control in some other countries. A series of short films in which Kaisan and Naeem (both 12 year's old) and 11-year-old Sara explain the traditions and beliefs of their Muslim faith. [164], Relations between the Shia and the Wahhabis are inherently strained because the Wahhabis consider the rituals of the Shia to be the epitome of shirk, or polytheism. "[215] From January to May 1997, Sunni terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders "in a systematic attempt to remove Shias from positions of authority. [120] Sunni suicide bombers have targeted not only thousands of civilians,[121] but mosques, shrines,[122] wedding and funeral processions,[123] markets, hospitals, offices, and streets. This has been the case in Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria. [84], According to some reports, as of mid-2013, the Syrian Civil War has become "overtly sectarian" with the "sectarian lines fall most sharply" between Alawites and Sunnis. "It is said that when modern Iraq was formed, some of the population of Karbala was Iranian". Your email address will not be published. In Egypt the Fatimid government ruled.[64]. Mainstream Shia and Sunni women wear the hijab differently. [163], The Saudi conflict of Shia and Sunni extends beyond the borders of the kingdom because of international Saudi "Petro-Islam" influence. ShiaSunni conflict in Yemen involves the Shia insurgency in northern Yemen.[17]. [49] Like Sunnis, some Shia women, such as those in Iran and Iraq, use their hand to hold the black chador, in order to cover their faces when in public. "[216] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi has declared Shia to be "American agents" and the "near enemy" in global jihad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims are mainly expressed through different religious practices. [145], There has been a low level resistance in mainly Sunni Iranian Balouchistan against the regime for several years. It was followed by the Mirdasid Shi'ite emirate in the 11th century, with both the emirates centered at Aleppo. Not even a single terrorist group is run by them, excluding the one Run b. Sectarianism based on this historic dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Husayn ibn Ali and some of his close partisans, including members of his household, were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph YazidI, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, albeit disproportionately, into two groups, the Sunni and the Shia. ), Shia sources further claim that by the orders of the tenth Abbasid caliph, al-Mutawakkil, the tomb of the third Imam, Hussein ibn Ali in Karbala, was completely demolished,[54] and Shias were sometimes beheaded in groups, buried alive, or even placed alive within the walls of government buildings still under construction. From 1979 to 1983 Saddam's regime executed 48 major Shia clerics in Iraq. [159], The Syrian Civil War, though it started as a political conflict, developed into a struggle between the Alawite-dominated Army and government on the one hand, and the mainly Sunni rebels and former members of the regular army on the other. Among the explanations for the increase are conspiracies by outside forces to divide Muslims,[93][94] the recent Islamic revival and increased religious purity and consequent takfir,[95][96] upheaval, destruction and loss of power of Sunni caused by the US invasion of Iraq, and sectarianism generated by Arab regimes defending themselves against the mass uprisings of the Arab Spring. The change in. According to scholar Vali Nasr, as the Muslim world was decolonialised and Arab nationalism lost its appeal, fundamentalism blossomed and reasserted the differences and conflicts between the two movements, particularly in the strict teachings of Sunni scholar Ibn Taymiyyah. BBC Teach > Secondary Resources > KS3 Religious Studies / GCSE Religious Studies. "[109], From 1994 to 2014 satellite television and high-speed Internet has spread "hate speech" against both Sunni and Shia. traditional elders and notables. History records 10 such Taarajs also known as Taraj-e-Shia between the 15th and 19th centuries in 1548, 1585, 1635, 1686, 1719, 1741, 1762, 1801, 1830, 1872 during which the Shia habitations were plundered, people slaughtered, libraries burnt and their sacred sites desecrated.[76]. Around 10% of Afghanistan, less than 5% of the Muslims in Nigeria, and around 5% of population of Tajikistan are Shia. The British colonial rule ended after the Sunni and Shia united against it. A relative of mine (born Shia) started listening to Mufti Menk and my relative no longer celebrates the birthdays of Ahlul Bayt AS nor does he mourn the shahadat days. If you go up we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair. In some countries like Iraq, Syria, Kuwait and Bahrain, communities have mingled and intermarried. In 1980, Iraq - led by Sunni leader Saddam Hussein - invaded its neighbour Iran, which was led by the countrys new Shia ruler Ayatollah Khomeini. During the uprising, the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood attacked military cadets at an artillery school in Aleppo, performed car bomb attacks in Damascus, as well as bomb attacks against the government and its officials, including Hafez al-Assad himself, and had killed several hundred. Jasmine Fares is a Lebanese 25 year old, who currently lives in Toronto. [182] The bombings are thought to be in retaliation[183] for a large car bomb which detonated on 15 August 2013 and killed at least 24 and wounded hundreds in a part of Beirut controlled by the Hezbollah[184], Although the country of Jordan is 95% Sunni and has not seen any ShiaSunni fighting within, it has played a part in the recent Shia-Sunni strife. The Shias accept some of the same hadiths used by Sunnis as part of the sunnah to argue their case. But the estimates are that they are about 5 to 10 percent of the Muslim world, which puts them somewhere between 50 and 70 million people.. Iran has been a Shia country since the 16th century. Now we are here to deal with you. Sunnis focus on following the Prophet's example whereas Shi'a focus on the lineage of Muhammad's family through a series of Imams. But the similarity is superficial. Many Sunnis hotly dispute their minority status, including ex-Iraqi Ambassador Faruq Ziada,[citation needed] and many believe Shia majority is "a myth spread by America". In Twelve-Imam Shiism, from the 13th to the 16th century, Sufism began to grow within official Shiite circles. Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali al-Zaidi. The commonly-known term is shortened from the historical Shia't-Ali , or "the Party of Ali." This group is also known as Shiites or followers of Ahl al-Bayt or "People of the Household" (of the Prophet). Several local Shia dynasties like the Marashi and Sarbadars were established during this time. Since the 1970s, and especially since the Iranian Revolution . At least 17 Shia were killed. 554. Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black and yellow as do some Sunni women in the Persian Gulf. Of these some 5% are Shia, the rest are Sunni. In July 1980, 25,000 Shia protested the Islamization laws in the capital Islamabad. [233] In general, the Muslim community can be categorized in terms of two orientations: "modernists," who closely adhere to orthodox theology while embracing modern learning; and "traditionalists," who tend to follow the interpretations of local religious leaders (predominantly in Java) and religious teachers at Islamic boarding schools (pesantren). The first Zaidi state was established in Daylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 by the Alavids;[61] it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Samanids in 928. [224] As of 2017, estimates of the number of Nigeria's 9095million Muslims who are Shia vary from between 20million (Shia estimate), to less than five million (Sunni estimate)[225] but according to Pew research center, less than 5% of the Muslim population in Nigeria are Shia.[14]. ; hyrule warriors: zeit der verheerung schnell leveln hernie inguinale traitement kin; jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni. [240] One analyst told CNN that the US strategy on putting pressure on Iran by arming its Sunni neighbors is not a new strategy for the United States. Let me know what you thought of each topic in the comments below! "[129] Suicide bombers continue to attack Iraqi Shia civilians,[130] and the Shia ulama have in response declared suicide bombing as haraam (against God, or "forbidden"): Even those who kill people with suicide bombing, these shall meet the flames of hell. She did her honours bachelor in science and later realised that this career path was not for her. The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterizes the religious history of Iran during this period. The Arab Shia: The Forgotten Muslims, by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke. Finally, his efforts and contacting with scholars such as Mahmud Shaltut and Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi led to the founding of Dar-al-Taghrib (community for reforming unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims). [212], Shia formed student associations and a Shia party, Sunni began to form sectarian militias recruited from Deobandi and Ahl al-Hadith madrasahs. qcm reproduction sexue et asexue; zone industrielle de saint witz marly la ville; manger du poisson tous les jours; types et formes de phrases nouveaux programmes In terms of the world's total Muslim population, Sunnis and Shias disagree over what percentage each group owns, with Sunnis accounting for 80-90% of the total and Shias 10-20%. [136], The violence shows little sign of getting opposite sides to back down. [193] Eight other Shia were injured. In particular, the names Fatima, Zaynab, Ali, Abbas, Hussein, and Hassan are disproportionately common among Shias, though they may also be used by Sunnis. [167], As of 2006 four of the 150 members of Saudi Arabia's "handpicked" parliament were Shia, but no city had a Shia mayor or police chief, and none of the 300 girls schools for Shia in the Eastern Province had a Shia principal. [210] Whereas Iran has been funding Shia militant groups such as Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan, resulting in tit-for-tat attacks on each other. It is said that every Shia clerical family of note in Iraq had tales of torture and murder to recount. In February 1980 disturbances were "less spontaneous" and even bloodier. The US-led invasion also tilted the regional balance of power decisively" in favor of Shia Iran, alarming Sunni and leading to talk of a Shia Crescent. Zaidi are sometimes called "Fiver Shia" instead of Twelver Shia because they recognize the first four of the Twelve Imams but accept Zayd ibn Ali as their "Fifth Imm" rather than his brother Muhammad al-Baqir. 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[142], Soon after the 1979 revolution, Sunni leaders from Kurdistan, Balouchistan, and Khorassan, set up a new party known as Shams, which is short for Shora-ye Markaz-e al Sunaat, to unite Sunnis and lobby for their rights. [236], Conflict between religious groups in the Middle East have spread to the Australian Muslim community[242][243][244][245][246] and within Australian schools.[247]. Both sides of the couples family were very supportive of their decision. Their shared demographic makeup may help explain Iran's support for Iraq's Shia-dominated government led by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Bahrain's 2002 election was widely boycotted by Shia. I answered some of your most commonly asked questions while getting ready! Even so, by the thirteenth to fourtheenth century, Sunni and Shiite practices remained highly intertwined and figures today commonly associated with Shia Islam, such as Ali and Jafar al-Sadiq, played an almost universal role for Muslim believers to understand the unseen (Al-Ghaib).[51]. Unfortunately, from 1987 to 2007, "as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died" in Shia-Sunni sectarian fighting in Pakistan", 300 being killed in 2006. Muslim Mamas 2022 Copyrighted to Muslim Mamas. On his return to Tehran, Ahmadinejad declared that: Both Iran and Saudi Arabia are aware of the enemies' conspiracies. Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam, died during al-Mansur's reign, and there were claims that he was murdered on the orders of the caliph. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic: ) is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. Privacy Policy Agreement * I agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy. Some Shia perform prayers more than once in quick succession (1+2+2 i.e. In the late 1920s, the Ikhwan (Ibn Saud's fighting force of converted Wahhabi Bedouin Muslims) were particularly hostile to the Shia and demanded that Abd al Aziz forcibly convert them. [16][17] Tensions between communities have intensified during power struggles, such as the Bahraini uprising, the Iraqi Civil War, the Syrian Civil War, the War in Iraq (20132017),[18][19][20] and the formation of the self-styled Islamic State of Iraq and Syria that has launched a genocide against Shias. Preaching against the Shia in Pakistan was cleric Israr Ahmed. They were in control in Persian Iran, but the Sunnis led most Arab states in the Middle East.
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