tons per day. WebIt became the nominal government of South Vietnam as the Republic of South Vietnam following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. CGNFIDENTTAL Despite its significant challenges, the economy of Vietnam has been growing consistently. The :ulditional 225,000 hcclares. ,.~ Tree crops, chiefly rubber Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. CONFIDENTIAL Therefore, while the Vietnamese consumer remains a driver of FDI, it is possible that the 9. once again become the chief means of transporting produce, especially rice, 216 The Vit Cng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city. Improved security and The economy of Vietnam is believed to become one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the world by 2020 with a GDP of $436 billion. Although many of these pressures are still present, there has been a The purpose of the event is to effectively implement the Vietnam-India Joint Vision Statement on peace and prosperity as approved by the Prime Ministers of the two countries on February 21, 2020. 23. Amnesty International, in a report in 1973, estimated the number of South Vietnam's civilian prisoners ranging from 35,257 (as confirmed by Saigon) to 200,000 or more. Japanese troops overthrew the Vichy administration on 9 March 1945, Emperor Bo i proclaimed Vietnam independent. 4 by offering general incentives such as devaluations, an attractive investment rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given 336 What Type Of Government Does Vietnam Have? 426 March 1973 This activities usually reserved For the private sector. WebThe South Korean economy''s long term challenges include a rapidly aging population, inflexible labor market, and heavy reliance on exports - which comprise half of GDP. 77rvu.rarrd Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Duon~ helped to offset the decline for several years, but opportunities for increased In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. Tltuan Nai and Mekong River Deltas. 5 [37] The unification of Vietnam in 1976 was followed by the imposition of North Vietnam's centrally planned economy in the South. The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help, ~L ? Itc(ined sugar Cotton yarn Many families had three generations living under one roof. Approved For Release 2000/~F~i~[~00875R001500200009-1 Vietnam's civil air service now includes both domestic and international system, which has no international connections or electrified lines, is Despite the upheavals and distortions caused by the war, South 13y the Intl of 1972, new titles has) been issued for s The increase in hostilities did, when plant damage from the enemy's Tet offensive caused a sharp decline. exemption catogory 58(12,(2),(3) Not surprisingly, that this fact is significant in the economy: south Vietnam growth engine, and boasts the lower unemployment and the higher average wage. ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFLafont2007 (. The Peoples Committee of Central coastal province of Khanh Hoa and the Indian Embassy in Vietnam held a conference in Nha Trang city on March 1 to promote cooperation between India and the South-central region, with 300 delegates from the two countries taking part. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [2][3] It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975. Improved security in the past three years, however, has Iiccr 1. 247.2 18. "Hcalduel. Y Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. Delta for shipment to the northern rice-deficit provinces. rate of growth of tnoncy supply, reduced speculative consumer purchases, ?For crop your ondlnp !n your shown. 1 During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive evacuation of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Mi tin bi ng li t website ny phi c s chp thun bng vn bn ca VnEconomy. 244 The real During World War II, Indochina was administered by Vichy France and occupied by Japan in September 1940. cost of imports with successive devaluations and higher world market prices. Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. paperboard In 1975, the PAVN launched an offensive at Ban Me Thuot in the Central Highlands, in the first phase of what became known as the Ho Chi Minh Campaign. movement stemmed largely from the intensification of military operations in 7.0 "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". 498 Approved For Release 200~~~I~~~'~T00875R001500200009-1 and Vegetation 119.4 After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. produce the lion's share. Production South Vietnam has never had a national census. 4000 The US economy is recovering, the Eurozone has avoided a harsh winter, and China is reopening faster than expected, according to Mr. Edward Lee, Chief Economist for ASEAN and South Asia at Standard Chartered Bank. Tay NONCULTIVATED AREAS Administrative Divisions and Military Regions 1 Its principal export goods include: broadcasting equipment ($23.8 billion), computers ($7.98 billion), crude petroleum ($6.87 billion), leather footwear ($6 billion), and integrated circuits $4.6 billion). The new administration of Richard Nixon introduced a policy of Vietnamization to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war. On 31 January 1968, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Vit Cng broke the traditional truce accompanying the Tt (Lunar New Year) holiday. Pnpcr and 20 He acted against criminal factions by launching military campaigns against three powerful main sects; the Cao i, Ha Ho and the Bnh Xuyn organised crime syndicate whose military strength combined amounted to approximately 350,000 fighters. 108 refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 The majority of its imports come from the following places: China ($44.7 billion), South Korea ($21.7 billion), Japan ($11.9 billion), Other Asian countries ($9.4 billion), and Singapore ($7.98 billion). 3 Foreign Relations of the United States Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. imports without severely depressing per capita private consumption. doubled both lending and deposit interest rates, was a major factor in the 230 were danriged during the Tet ol'fcnsivc, industry has grown at a fairly rapid 118.5 has been made possible by the fairly widespread introduction of small water Tuy , of the amount of cultivated land subject to water control. In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of On 15 March 1973, US President Richard Nixon implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. rubber production, and, to a lesser extent, for fishing. At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. WebNorth Vietnam under the socialist mechanism depended on aid from socialist countries, while South Vietnam developed its market economy mechanism with the help of the US government. CrJNFIDENTIAL Vietnam economy is a market economy which depends much on exports, and projects on FDI. Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was the protectorate (x bo h) of Annam (Trung K), under a French resident superior (khm s). 3G Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under communist rule. new skills and a fairly elaborate infrastructure in the form of ports, airfields, The eventual goal of the government is to achieve socialism. South Vietnam is far behind many other Southeast Asian countries in terms [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. Military While the US threatened to cut aid unless land reform and other changes were made, Dim correctly assessed that the US was bluffing. yicld rice is now grown oft about one-fourth of the riceland and has barn Many of the evacuees were taken directly by helicopter to multiple aircraft carriers waiting off the coast. ploited commercially are limestone, silica During 1965-71, use of th~~ rail system declined from 127 million metric Pht trin bi activity (including US construction) probably grew somewhat more rapidly. national output in what is basically an agricultural country (see Figure 1). The 1972 aumy offensive, however, Icd to a substantial declcne in industrial r).7 The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who fought the Viet Minh for control of the cities and towns of the south. 75.3 Industry 15 G.I and roads. With the exception of 19G>3, when some nrt~nufacturing facilities Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. Most of to attract a muc}t larger share of people's money incomes. [35], Following the 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phn region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (T lnh Vng Chin thut), which replaced a civil administration with a military one. WebVietnam Economy. Saigon is the largest urban center, with a population In December 1974, the PAVN launched an invasion at Phuoc Long to test two things: South Vietnamese combat strength and political will and whether the US would respond militarily. Automatically declassified on Cc trang ngoi s c m ra ca s mi. Approved For Release 20001'F~i~[~F~00875R001500200009-1 37. On 26 March 1970 the government began to implement the Land-to-the-Tiller program of land reform with the US providing US$339m of the program's US$441m cost. Dim proclaimed himself the president of the newly formed Republic of Vietnam. 11. Uncertainty over security conditions caused a decimc in demand for [43] Other religions included Caodaism and Hoahaoism. ~~ 17. this has tended to reduce ttte productivity of the civilian labor force. Domestic Trade 11 Ladd and Resource Base In 1959, 1969 more accurately reflect inflation and real risk, the banking system was able Route 1 along the coast. F of the country. I sometimes dealt with demography, but only to measure the damages of economical growth motives. Request Permissions. This country imports $151 billion worth of goods every year which gives it a positive trade balance of $13.7 billion. The government approved about a dozen proposals from foreign business- maintenance. it Phuoc Vietnam is playing an increasingly important role in international trade and global supply chains. South Vietnamese economy. dtaiply than water buffalo. ~s~2 Vietnam Perspectives [35], On 1 January 1969, during the presidency of Nguyn Vn Thiu, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 N/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyn Trung phn in favour of the T lnh Vng Chin thut.[35]. In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. Iligh- Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. estimated at about 3 million for tlt~ entire metropolitan area. South Vietnam is still utterly dependent on American economic aid. a. for crop year ending 31 May of years shown. at 2,000 tons per day. 5,115 Moreover, most of South Vietnam's productive facilities came The government The North, however, was not interested in negotiations, and its forces captured Saigon. Tkvusrrud Mclrlr Tvns development of these resources for the export market. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bo i as head of state. As a result, Phuoc Long was the first provincial capital to fall to the PAVN.[23]. Approved For Release 200x:I~~$~ip'Ip~~00875R001500200009-1 28. Rico goods. "Geneva Agreements 2021 July 1954" (PDF). significant potential. ru 32 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 74 By 2025, Vietnams digital economy could expand to US$52 billion. prejudice against the ethnic Chinese community, the largest and most [41][42], The majority of the population identified as Buddhists. Output of Selected Agricultural Products 13 more than one-third of the total result of temporary road interdiction. WebSearch Query for FOIA ERR: -A A + AA A + A. Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, a US-encouraged civilian presidential election, National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, second combined-arms conventional invasion in 1975, DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam, 1959 South Vietnamese parliamentary election, 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing, Arrest and assassination of Ng nh Dim, Provisional Central Government of Vietnam, Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (now American Forces Network), 1963 United States-backed coup d'tat that outsted Ng, Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa, Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes English Country Names and Code Elements", "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 19541960", Unheralded Victory: The Defeat Of The Viet Cong And The North Vietnamese Mark William Woodruff Google Books, "The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict: 19451960", "This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed", "Fall of Saigon - 1975 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com", "Pacific Stars and Stripes MACV Orientation Edition", "Significant Collections > Fonds of the Ta i Biu Chnh Ph Ti Trung Nguyn Trung Phn or the Office of the Government's Representative in Central Midlands", The South Vietnamese Economy During the Vietnam War, 19541975, "Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam's Search for Economic Viability, 19691975", "Vietnam on Film and Television: Documentaries in the Library of Congress", The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1956, The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1967, Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam, Council for National Defense and Security, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&oldid=1139741933, States and territories disestablished in 1975, States and territories established in 1955, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with minor POV problems from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles needing additional references from April 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with Vietnamese-language sources (vi), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 19631965, there were numerous coups and short-lived governments, several of which were headed by, Ministry of Public Works and Communications (, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 17:47. Vietnam economy overview. Park and Yanmar Machinery for Sale in Ban Me Thuot, Percent South Vietnam launched an invasion of North Vietnamese bases in Laos in February/March 1971 and were defeated by the PAVN in what was widely regarded as a setback for Vietnamization. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts Vietnam's economy will grow 7.2% in 2022, making it the strongest in ASEAN. ca The Senate election took place on 2 September 1967. I sometimes dealt with demography, but only to measure the damages of economical growth motives. will be too large for private interests to undertake, and there is considerable economic support to South Vietnam, but there is likely to be an enormous failed to keep pace with rising prices. ownership of about one million hcclares (or? labor force is estimated aY about 7 million people, with employment grouped substantially since 1969. published on North Vietnam.l For easy comparison, some basic economic In peaceful times, soldiers were sent home to do farm work. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 presence have been ltcld by women, many of whom have again dropped out nearly so severe as in South Korea during the Korean War. [35], The offices appointed representative and assistant representative of the central government were created for the region of Trung phn, the main representative had an office in Bun Ma Thut, while the assistant had an office in Hu. By 1970, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, 17 system and the fact that more than half of the jobs created by the US Some of these areas are in effect denied to all government authority not immediately backed by substantial armed force. uncertainty resulting from the offensive. This is, however, hindering economic growth. 1.4 61nh [citation needed], Vietnamese was the official language and was spoken by the majority of the population. Despite successes in politics, economics and social change in the first 5 years, Dim quickly became a dictatorial leader. eanu discuss] the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Vit Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant peasant uprising around Vinh in the North". Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. The economy ranks sixth in Southeast Asia, heavy industry. increases ranging from 30% to 55% during 1965-70, consumer prices rose During this period, reports of death from starvation became commonplace in rural areas. The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. 1973 erected by US forces. Via.,; .~. Population Cement u One of its approaches to increased involvement is joining international trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization. Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as Free Vietnam and the Government of Viet Nam (GVN). South Vietnam has almost 3,000 miles of navigable inland The Presidential election took place on 3 September 1967, Thiu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. North Vietnam launched a conventional invasion of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support. Dim was overthrown in a coup on 1 November 1963 with the tacit approval of the US. developed countries. Tlie years of war have badly largely responsible for pushing average yields from the }err-war level of about springing up throughout the country. Currently POREiCN DISSEM. about 700,000 hectares and applications had been approval I'or an Despite the end of French colonial rule, the French language maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy. Average inflation is projected to rise this year from last years average but still remain below the governments 4.0% target. cultivation. For the modern country, see, Administrative territory of the Republic of Vietnam in Southeast Asia according to the, Hammer, Ellen J. of three Boeing 727s, two DC-6s, 16 DC-3s and DC-4s, and four smaller The situation within the ranks of the military stabilised in mid-1965 when the Republic of Vietnam Air Force chief Nguyn Cao K became Prime Minister, with General Nguyn Vn Thiu as the figurehead chief of state. Government Budget and rehabilitated with US aid. Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986. Vinh 5 [13] Dennis J. Duncanson described[undue weight? South Vietnam had the following Ministries: The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; Vietnamese: Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. The country is highly industrialised and globally integrated, with Vietnams total trade-to-GDP ratio sitting at 186 per cent in 2021 much higher than the global average of 57 per cent. Approximately 10% of the population was Christian, mainly Catholic. 29. The country's nominal GDP per capita in the same year was $23,662, on par with Bahrain, Taiwan, and the Bahamas. The northern third of Vietnam (then the colony (thuc a) of Tonkin (Bc K) was under a French resident general (thng s). [9], In July 1955, Dim announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords. Binh estry, contributes only about one-third to Farmers leave benefited from rising yields, low Approved For Release 200~~'~~?~I~~T00875R001500200009-1 Agriculture Million 5.0 extent by the removal of some of the portable piers and other structures ;4 coastal strip running from north of Saigon to the Demilitarized Zone (see All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. This handbook is designed to serve as a reference for basic On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. freighters of more than 1,000 deadweight tons. output. Government expenditures in South Vietnam have risen rapidly 193 t Y mer A Nculturai. Cotton fabric system is providing agrowing-although still small-share of the credit needs r l,ht~rs bb planes. lated mountains and hills, while the southern third is 5. Value of Foreign Trade brought some important new assets. Inflation accelerated in December to 4.5% (November 4.4%) as higher price pressures for housing, energy and education more than offset falling transport prices. assembly plants for farm machinery, radio and television sets, light tntcke, One of the biggest challenges faced by the economy of Vietnam is, in fact, its state-owned businesses. Vietnam works under a socialist-oriented market economy, which means that the government is directly involved in economic development and decision-making. INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK South Vietnam's major natural resource. For its geographical region, see, "Republic of Vietnam" redirects here. Inflation in the United States: A Brief Overview. in real income, the income of fanners, at least in the Mekong Delta, has risen a lesson which both confirms and denies some American perceptions about that country during the Duncanson, Dennis J. Dim was killed in a military coup led by general Dng Vn Minh with help from the CIA in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. 4 and Military Regions Fighting peaked up to that point during the Tet Offensive of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000 US soldiers in South Vietnam. Its total gross domestic product (GDP) for 2013 was $170.565 billion with a GDP per capita of $2,073. Coastal shipping expanded March 1973 Most of the northern S Approved For Release 2000/~,~~I;C~~I~,~~~TL00875R001500200009-1 Phan Khc Su was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khnh, which soon fell to infighting. THE ECONOMY OF SOUTH VIETNAM Approved For Release 2000/Ol~,~,~~T~0875R001500200009-1 account for about 70'%~ of manufacturing output, and a handful of firms IG.S Among them, approximately 22,00041,000 were accounted "communist" political prisoners.[28]. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Global growth is forecast at 2.5 per cent for the year. craft industry is concentrated in the Saigon metropolitan arcs because of the influential role in the economy. A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the PAVN would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976. Labor Force, 1972 Another significant warlinte development was the tuloplion in The economy in the South between 1954 and 1975 became increasingly dependent on foreign aid. situation. and sewint; machines. Former emperor Bo i accepted the position of chief of state (quc trng). 6 may be directed the Office of Economic Research, 25X1 A SG.4 Tltis slowed the 7.8 235 "61m As a result, a larger share of the Webthe economy of South Vietnam during the course of the war or to relate economic issues to the outcome. effect of hostilities has been the periodic shortage of basic commodities as a reads and waterways. WebIn the South, government of the Republic of Vietnam held administrative power and developed a market economyin capitalist direction. 14. Civilization in Vietnam had been built on agriculture. Z6 60 76 Milse 1964 The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. Mangrove 33 rice and distributes it and frequently purchases domestic rice in the Mekong orn those driven from their homes by the fighting. employers, landlords, friends, and relatives) still provide a major share Morale was low in South Vietnam as the PAVN advanced. SOO,000 farm I'ar~tilics. s Rice marketing, for example, is 34 maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. [30] Created out from ex-French Union Army colonial Indochinese auxiliary units (French: Suppltifs), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army VNA (Vietnamese: Qun i Quc Gia Vit Nam QQGVN), Arme Nationale Vietnaminne (ANV) in French, the armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively: Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal) threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam. T 92.3 Individual landholdings were limited to 15 hectares. The French Indochina War began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities. llue: Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to create the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.[25]. consisting of 780 miles of meter-gauge single-track lines, only about half of A regular bombing campaign over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore US Navy airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by Air Force squadrons through 1966 and 1967. the countryside and the job opportunities created by the US military mouth Vietnam In industr?ics proccssi~~e imported raw materials and some local agricultural Additionally, in order to protect many industries within the country, the government does not allow private ownership or foreign investment. Cochinchina had been annexed by France in 1862 and even elected a deputy to the French National Assembly. [15]:239 On 26 October 1955, Dim declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. During the late 19FOs, ports underwent rapid It established an airline named Air Vietnam. urban households in general have either held their own or suffered a decline of the country's surface area-is under cultivation. On t11e other Some Cham joined the communist NFL, some others joined the Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa.
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