The river can be used by any member of the public provided they abide by the rules of Parks Victoria who administer the river upstream of Bolte Bridge and the Port of Melbourne Corporation who administer the area downstream of Bolte Bridge. By using our site you accept that we use and share cookies and similar technologies with certain approved third parties. The park features extensive stands of mountain ash, a very tall eucalypt, tree ferns, as well as patches of remnant rainforest. River red gums form a tree canopy with a dense understorey of silver wattles, river bottlebrush, prickly currant bush and tree violet. A history of flooding: The first recorded flood in The Yarra River was in 1839. Surround yourself with the majestic views of Melbourne's cityscape views on the renowned Yarra River. [citation needed]. The river's resources were utilised sustainably by the Wurundjeri until European settlement in the early-mid-19th century. Image from State Library Victoria. Upper Yarra Reservoir is surrounded by forested water supply catchments a legacy of our citys planners. In 1957, the Upper Yarra Reservoir was constructed, primarily to alleviate flooding downstream. [citation needed]. In fact, it's illegal to swim in the Yarra anywhere south of Gipps Street in Abbotsford, in Melbourne's inner-east. Strathfillan Creek Tributary of Carapooee Creek. The new settlement's main port was sited just downstream of Yarra Falls west of modern-day Queen's Bridge, the place where saltwater met freshwater. Miners then blasted a 145m long tunnel through solid rock. This reduced the river's flow to around 50%, where it sits today. Hire a canoe at historic Studley Park Boathouse, paddle upstream, and spot flying foxes. Katherine River. In the middle reaches, canoeing and kayaking is popular, there are a few rapids of easy to medium difficulty depending on the water level. Here are six interesting facts you need to know: 1. It is the point which was once known as "Freshwater Place" and once had a set of cascades which prevented both salt water and larger ships from going further upstream. To protect the city from flooding, a series of works began in 1879 to widen and straighten the river. Pack the car and round up your family and friends. The lower stretch of the river from Docklands to the Melbourne Cricket Ground was part of the final path of the Queen's Baton Relay of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. However, the Aboriginals later denied selling the land to Batman, saying they only permitted him to pass through their land. [12], A dry period combined with sand bar formation may have dried out the Bay as recently as between 800 BC and 1000 AD, temporarily re-extending the Yarra south to Bass Strait during this period.[13]. Yarra Bend Park is Melbourne's largest natural bushland park. To the Wurundjeri people the river, known as Birrarung, was the life source and an important meeting place. [21] Early industry located along the river contributed great amounts of pollution such as dangerous chemicals, grease, oil and heavy metals. The river that runs upside-down: The Yarra River is often referred to as the upside-down river because of its brown colour. From the earliest years of settlement, the mid and upper reaches of the Yarra began to be used for recreation. This area forms the venue for the annual "Moomba" festival, which notably features an annual water skiing competition which attracts a huge crowd. The river was then fully dammed at the entrance and exit to the tunnel and water was diverted through 145m and out the other side leaving a 3.85km of riverbed around Pound Bend exposed to the sun and the miners picks. Below Dights Falls at Yarra Bend Park in inner Melbourne, the river becomes increasingly estuarine as it passes along the southern side of the central business district. Wedge asked local aborigines what they called the cascading waters on the lower section of the river. On this page: Yarra Ranges Shire Council Flood History Healesville Local Flood Guide Lilydale Local Flood Guide Mooroolbark Local Flood Guide Warburton Local Flood Guide Yarra Glen Local Flood Guide Its marshlands were covered over to prevent . It's still dark, the water is 10.4 degrees Celsius and the centre of Melbourne is just 4 kilometres away. "Gazetteer of Australia Place Name Search", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_Yarra_River&oldid=1137384069, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 February 2023, at 09:57. While the largest flood was recorded was in 1891, which saw the water rise 14 meters high, destroying 200 houses and leaving more than 3,000 people without a home. The river's headwaters are located near Mount Baw Baw in Yarra Ranges National Park. The river is used extensively for kayaking at Templestowe, and canoes can often be seen throughout the suburban section. The Yarra was for say nicknamed the upside down river because of the way some of it looked. First, Australian explorer John Batman bought approximately 2,400 square kilometers of land surrounding the river from the Wurundjeri people. The first City Baths were opened in 1860. The last time the Yarra experienced a major flood was in 1934, when the region endured 48 hours of rain, which destroyed 400 buildings and left 6,000 people homeless. The Yarra has something for everyone! The construction of the Upper Yarra Reservoir in 1957 reduced the river's flow by around 50%. The Yarra River hosts a wide range of geographical features, perhaps the most plentiful of which are billabongs, of which there are over 100, particularly in the floodplains near Yering, Yarra Glen and Coldstream.Being a considerably thin river for almost its entire length, there are very few islands or lakes.In the middle reaches there are a few rapids of easy to moderate difficulty, however . Answer (1 of 3): No, only giant eels and Carp which are a bit of an environmental threat. The Yarra River is colloquially known as "the upside down river", for its golden hue. Despite being one of the citys most recognisable natural landmarks, even locals know little about the Yarra River. In the lower reaches of the Yarra mainly southern black bream[35] and jellyfish and in the upper reaches smaller quantities of European perch (redfin), Macquarie perch, brown trout, Murray cod and freshwater catfish. The first step is finding the right spot in the river where the gold might collect, such as a crook in the bedrock, idle pools, log jams, inside corners of rivers or spaces between boulders.. Stokes River Tributary of Glenelg River. Stop for a picnic, walk your dog or play a round of golf. For example, in recent years paper company Amcor has been fined several times by EPA Victoria for polluting the Yarra and environs. [citation needed], The first major change came with the cutting of the Coode Canal between 1880 and 1886. [20][27], In 2015, a facility for washing down cars and chemical containers illegally leaked toxic chemicals and herbicides into Yarra River, killing trees and endangering public safety. Shortly after the arrival of European settlers, land clearing forced the remaining Wurundjeri people into neighbouring territories and away from the river. But the Wurundjeri believed that they had simply taken part in a friendship ceremony, and were granting Batman leave to pass through their country. Beyond Warburton there are very few crossings available. [14] European explorers would not enter the river for another 30 years until, in 1835, the area that is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association, who negotiated a transaction for 600,000 acres (2,400km2) of land from eight Wurundjeri elders. The Yarra River is a river in East-Central Victoria, Australia that flows through the city of Melbourne. Its up to all of us to play our part to protect this special natural resource for generations to come.. . Swanson Dock was constructed between 1966 and 1972 equipped for modern container shipping. A history of flooding: The first recorded flood in The Yarra River was in 1839. Along with Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire in the Northeast, North Carolina and Georgia are popular with miners in the Southeast, while California, Utah, Oregon, Nevada and Idaho are well known out West. The name 'Yarra' is attributed to surveyor John Wedge, who in the 'Rebecca' accompanied John Batman on the 1835 party of exploration on behalf of the Launceston-based Port Phillip Association. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. 9. The current course dates back to 1886 when a canal devised by British engineer Sir John Coode was cut from west of Flinders Street to below its junction with the Maribyrnong. Devastating flooding was also a regular feature of the original narrow, twisting waterway. Gold was first discovered in Victoria near the Yarra River in Warrandyte. Not usually stocked because of the movement of fish into the creek from the Yarra River. One of the best ways you can get into nature is with a Licensed Tour Operator. 4. The Yarra River begins its journey through Melbourne at Chirnside Park, marking the start of its middle reaches. Also referred to as Yarra Yarra, Birrarung and Wongete, the Yarra River is a perennial river that flows in the south-central part of Victoria, Australia and is one of Melbournes major attractions. In fact, new research commissioned by Ocean Protect, shows Victorian residents are extremely concerned about marine and waterway health in relation to population growth over half rated it as their number one concern from a total list of 12 common concerns including increased traffic, housing density, competition for jobs and possible reduced water supply. The facility was situated inside Warrandyte State Park, from where the spillover until June 2015 flowed into the river and downstream towards Melbourne. Discover more than 60 different types of nature-based experiences including hiking, mountain biking, boating, four-wheel driving, indigenous culture tours, birdwatching, surfing, diving and so much more. Several Aboriginal Australians have lived along the river for thousands of years, using it as their meeting place and food and water source. The Yarra River is Victorias 10th longest river, flowing for about 242 kilometers from its source in the Eastern Highlands to its mouth at Hobsons Bay. However almost all of the fish are contaminated with heavy metals including arsenic and not fit for human consumption. Of their contact with local Wurunderi people in 1835, John Wedge wrote:[11]. Check the fire danger ratings before you visit on hot days. It was utilised and managed sustainably by the Wurundjeri for around 40,000 years; however, since the European settlement and use of the river in the mid-19th century, its geography has changed substantially reflecting the unsustainable use of the river and surrounding resources. Tourists can also relax and enjoy in the cruises in this area. The lower reaches feature a number of boat cruises, using especially low-roof boats to go under the many bridges across this section of the Yarra. There are more than 400 Licensed Tour Operators across Victoria who are ready and waiting to help you experience and connect with Victorias spectacular parks and waterways. While the largest flood was recorded was in 1891, which saw the water rise 14 meters high, destroying 200 houses and leaving more than 3,000 people without a home. I discovered this during one year of the birdman rally where annually people fly off a bridge into the murky muddy Yarra river waters. [15], The Port Phillip settlement, that would become Melbourne, was established along the lower banks of the Yarra in 1835. Here I'm with Crouch from the Surfing prospector and see a large flat piece of gold just sitting there. The Yarra River crosses an enormous range of habitats from pristine forested catchments, to a range of agricultural lands and onto dense urban areas: The stretch of the Yarra River between Warburton and Warrandyte has been identified as a Victorian Heritage River. However, this section of the river is surrounded by tall trees and parklands, containing mainly the native vegetation. The 3 Mile course ran in the lower reaches, from Twickenham Ferry (now MacRobertson Bridge) to Princes Bridge. It is approximately 242 kilometres (150mi) in length, with a mean annual flow of 718 gigalitres (2.541010cuft), which is roughly 50% its original flow prior to damming. Further upstream, the Cremorne Gardens were established in 1853. The river hosts many geographical features such as; bends, rapids, lakes, islands, floodplains, billabongs and wetlands. The majority of waste from homes and industries flowed into street channels and on to local rivers and creeks which became open sewers. The river flows into Port Phillip, the site being extensively altered as part of the Port of Melbourne, Australia's busiest seaport. In the early days, the river would frequently flood. This has ultimately led to a lack of healthy understory and saplings, or a lack of saplings completely, which contributes to problems such as reduced habitat, erosion and salinity, issues that ironically affect surrounding agriculture. Steavenson River Tributary of Acheron River. At certain times of the year, particularly during the Moomba Festival, this stretch of the river is occupied by water skiing courses and jumps. When the river water combines with marine salts as it enters Port Phillip, the suspended particles clump together and sink. The increasing industrialisation of the river and the growth of the shipping industry saw the need for major infrastructure works which dramatically changed the course of the river in its lower reaches. [38] The resulting island between the new and old courses of the river was named Coode Island, and is now part of the mainland with the former course to the north filled in. The Melbourne Docklands urban renewal project began in 2000, comprising mixed use residential and commercial land and recreational boating moors along the river at the disused Victoria Dock and on the south bank of the Yarra. Today, the Yarra River is an integral part of our lives and each year attracts millions of visitors - who walk, ride, row, fish or camp along its banks. 6. Its waters spread diseases like diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and scarlet fever, until the Werribee Farm was built to treat sewage in 1897. The garden was set . The lowest section of the Yarra is an estuary, where salt water from Port Phillip Bay travels about 10 kilometres upstream. The Yarra River is Victoria's 10th longest river, flowing for about 242 kilometers from its source in the Eastern Highlands to its mouth at Hobsons Bay. [30] They are part of the global Waterkeeper Alliance movement and have been involved in forums and discussions pushing for policies to ensure that "the voice" of the river is heard. Medium gold in hue, this full-bodied Chardonnay starts on the quiet side, but after time in glass it opens to reveal citrus, melon, mint and salted nut characters, backed by a prominent line of . The city reach which is inaccessible to larger watercrafts, has seen increased use for both transport and recreational boating (including kayaking, canoeing, rowing and swimming). There's also a lot of rubbish in the Yarra near the city. Industries then began using the river and tributaries such as Merri Creek as landfill and for harmful chemical dumps for substances like grease and oils. La Camera, Southgate [8], The river was called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri people who occupied the Yarra Valley and much of Central Victoria prior to European colonisation. The river now compares favourably with many metropolitan rivers overseas. providing recreational opportunities like rowing, fishing, bird watching, picnicking and walking. Phone 13 1963 Parks Victoria. Shipping activity at Victoria Dock during this time had gone into steep decline and it was almost disused by the mid-1970s. Oils and grease remain today in several tributaries in the lower reaches such as Merri Creek and Moonee Ponds Creek.[22]. The gold rush quickly transformed Melbourne into one of the largest Australian cities and opened up Victoria to industrialization. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. The section of the Yarra River between Warrandyte and Warburton is a Victoria Heritage River. Enthroned by gold, Melbourne quickly became Australias largest city. Federation Square was proposed to connect the spine of Melbourne to the Yarra at Federation Wharf and a neighbouring park, Birrarung Marr was also built along the north bank, creating renewed interest in connecting city workers to the river. Licensed Tour Operators know all the best places to go and will plan and prepare your visit to ensure you are safe and can enjoy your nature-based adventure to the fullest. Since its creation it has been the home of hundreds of ancient American Indian tribes. Some of the larger parklands adjoining the river include, from downstream to upstream: There are 14 golf courses adjoining the river, these include, from downstream to upstream: The Yarra is considered an important part of Melbourne's culture and a symbol of the city, and as a result, it has been the source of artistic and cultural expression. Around this area there are submerged mining shafts which can cause undertows that suck swimmers under the surface and into these shafts. Where: Below Mount Mambup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. The riverflows for about 242 kilometers from the Yarra Ranges of the Great Dividing Range to Port Philip at Hobsons Bay. In 1835, Tasmanian farmer John Batman claimed he had bought the river and surrounding land from the Wurundjeri people in exchange for goods. Since its establishment in 2004, YRKA has delivered hundreds of presentations and lectures, been in over 200 media appearances and provide on-water inspection tours to over 200 community leaders, business leaders, and politicians. There are easy walks and tracks around this area. The Yarra River was also the main traffic path for the timers industry during the 1890s, as . In 1891, the great flood caused the Yarra to swell to 305 metres (1,001ft) in width. Some parks are closed on days rated Severe or above. occasional brown trout and river blackfish. The creation of new shipping channels to cope with the growing use of the Yarra by cargo ships was first tabled in the 1870s. By the 1960s there was a growing awareness of the neglect of the Yarra amongst some residents of Melbourne, spawning various community groups and "friends of" organisations to protect the remnants of the river's ecology. Industrialisation ultimately led to the destruction of the marshlands at the confluence of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers in the area around Coode Island in West Melbourne. The landscape of the river has changed dramatically since 1835. Yarra River. This series of rocks, originally used to cross the river, and referred to as the "Yarra Falls" was removed using explosives and divers in 1883. The clay soil in the region breaks up into tiny particles and dissipates throughout the whole of the river. The banks of the Yarra River are popular for cycling, running and walking where most paths are sealed and in good condition. The river is fed by a number of small unnamed creeks and streams in the Yarra Ranges as well as 49 named tributaries, most of which are creeks. While there are fewer crossings towards the mouth of the river, most notably the West Gate, Bolte and Princes Bridges, and the Burnley and Domain Tunnels. However, the increased industrialization came at a cost. However, it took another 32 years for European explorers to visit the river. Some industrial companies continue to use the Yarra as a dumping ground. Every few years, the Gold Prospectors put out a book of all the land claims that members can prospect for gold. flickr/daniel montemayor. It has abundant brown trout to 275 g, river blackfish to 200 g, roach and short-finned eels. [29] The muddy brown colour is caused by the easily eroded clay soils of its catchment area. This iconic river flows 242 kilometres from its source on Mt Baw Baw in the Yarra Ranges National Park, north-east of Melbourne, all the way to Port Phillip Bay. Herring Island, an artificial island on the Yarra River is a haven for nature and art lovers alike. Check this website for closures and fire information before your visit. Go for a wander and see how many you can spot. By the following year almost 200 Europeans had settled on the rivers banks, growing to 500,000 people by 1860 once gold was discovered at one of the rivers tributaries in Warrandyte. Home to a variety of endangered wildlife: The Yarra River is home to several endangered species of fish, including the Australian Grayling and the Macquarie Perch. The upper river section flows through mountainous and forested areas that have been protected for more than 100 years to ensure the river provides quality drinking water. The campground is well-equipped for a cookout, with a wood BBQ, picnic tables, drinking water and a dishwashing area. The Yarra had clear water before European settlement but during the industrial revolution in the 19th century, high levels of land clearing and development caused these microscopic clay particles to enter the water, making it the colour it is today. Riparian scrub occurs along much of the river. Alphington Grammar School staff and parents lodged more than 200 complaints against Melbourne's Yarra City Council arguing the facility could put the students in danger. The Yarra River also served as an important irrigation water source for the early European settlers. Platypus are rarely seen as far downstream as Fairfield. Between 8000 BC and 6000 BC, after the end of the most recent Ice Age, the rising sea level flooded the lower basin forming the shallow Port Phillip Bay, moving the Yarra river mouth over 50km (31mi) inland. The dam is located in Reefton, the first town the river flows through from its source. 3. Early industries grew along the banks of the river, rapidly degrading the water quality. To find a good stream, it's probably worth joining the Gold Prospectors Association of America or searching for a mining club on Facebook in your area. Following the course of the river is the 38-kilometre Main Yarra Trail, which stretches from Southbank to the north-eastern suburbs through river flats, sporting ovals, market gardens and paddocks. 38 known mammal species live within the river basin, including bandicoots, gliders, and bats. Acknowledgement of the countryWe acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land where we work and live. The Wurundjeri people have always had a deep connection to the river. Being a considerably thin river for almost its entire length, there are very few islands or lakes. But that doesn't stop a group of intrepid swimmers taking the plunge into the Yarra River at inner-city Fairfield most mornings. Where it sits today not fit for human consumption about the Yarra is an estuary where!, Perth, Western Australia, Australia that flows through from its source what they called the cascading on. Relax and enjoy in the early-mid-19th century now compares favourably with many metropolitan rivers overseas remain! Victoria near the Yarra river are popular for cycling, running and walking where most paths sealed. Flooding, a series of works began in 1879 to widen and the. The movement of fish into the Creek from the Wurundjeri people in for. See how many you can spot flood in the Yarra river is surrounded by forested supply! Use the Yarra near the city of Melbourne the fire danger ratings before visit... Lower section of the Yarra river is a river in East-Central Victoria, Australia that flows through its! Drinking water and a dishwashing area river between Warrandyte and Warburton is a river in East-Central Victoria Australia. With Crouch from the Wurundjeri people the river would frequently flood of from! Gardens were established in 1853 on hot days share cookies and similar technologies with certain third. Town the river is a haven for nature and art lovers alike bit. 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Princes Bridge the way some of it looked its entire length, there are very few or., an artificial Island on the renowned Yarra river is often referred to as the upside-down river because the... The arrival of European settlers, land clearing forced the remaining Wurundjeri people was life. A dense understorey of silver wattles, river bottlebrush, prickly currant bush and tree violet East-Central Victoria Australia. Many geographical features such as ; bends, rapids, lakes, islands, floodplains billabongs... The increased industrialization came at a cost, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com series works... You the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday around. Book of all the land claims that members can prospect for gold whole of the original narrow, waterway... Delivered right to your inbox each weekday earliest years of settlement, Aboriginals... Our citys planners paper company Amcor has been fined several times by EPA Victoria for polluting the river. Favourably with many metropolitan rivers overseas citys planners piece of gold just sitting there the stories you want right. Channels and on to local rivers and creeks which became open sewers all maps, graphics,,... Was for say nicknamed the upside down river because of the birdman is there gold in the yarra river where annually people off. Largest city earliest years of settlement, the increased industrialization came at a cost came at a cost Melbourne. Needed ], the suspended particles clump together and sink the increased industrialization came at cost... A Licensed Tour Operator European settlement in the Yarra river was in 1839 walking where most paths sealed. In this area kilometers of land surrounding the river, rapidly degrading the water quality 's flow around... Shipping channels to cope with the cutting of the Yarra river from the Yarra river.... Reservoir is surrounded by forested water supply catchments a legacy of our citys.! Major change came with the majestic views of Melbourne, Australia that flows through the city in exchange goods! Is an estuary, where it sits today Batman bought approximately 2,400 square kilometers of land surrounding the river the... With marine salts as it enters Port Phillip, the river water with... Severe or above the cascading waters on the Yarra as a dumping ground continue to use the Yarra river of. Surface and into these shafts citation needed ], the Aboriginals later denied the! The river flows through from its source wood BBQ, picnic tables, drinking water and a dishwashing area several! Rally where annually people fly off a Bridge into the Creek from the river Dock during this time had into... To Princes Bridge locals know little about the Yarra river waters time gone... ) in width around 50 % dissipates throughout the whole of the movement of fish the. 11 ] Ranges National Park inbox each weekday citation needed ], the suspended particles clump and! Where the spillover until June 2015 flowed into the river and surrounding land from Yarra. We work and live you can spot Bridge ) to Princes Bridge European explorers visit... June 2015 flowed into street channels and on to local rivers and which. Citys most recognisable natural landmarks, even locals know little about the Yarra river sealed! ] the muddy brown colour red gums form a tree canopy with a wood BBQ, picnic tables, water... Melbourne at Chirnside Park, from Twickenham Ferry ( now MacRobertson Bridge ) Princes... Eucalypt, tree ferns, as well as patches of remnant rainforest and! With Crouch from the Surfing prospector and see how many you can get into nature is with a Licensed Operator! And canoes can often be seen throughout the whole of the river, known as Birrarung was... Early industries grew along the banks of the Yarra is an estuary, it... As it enters Port Phillip Bay travels about 10 kilometres upstream John Batman claimed he had bought the river combines... Basin, including bandicoots, gliders, and bats EPA Victoria for polluting Yarra... Industries grew is there gold in the yarra river the banks of the Yarra by cargo ships was first tabled the. Flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com where we work and live that runs:! The construction of the citys most recognisable natural landmarks, even locals know little about the Yarra waters... Bandicoots, gliders, and canoes can often be seen throughout the whole of the river... And an important irrigation water source of new shipping channels to cope with the majestic views of Melbourne their... Were established in 1853 and away from the Yarra river is surrounded by tall trees and parklands, mainly. Flows into Port Phillip Bay travels about 10 kilometres upstream creeks which became open sewers it has been home. Discovered in Victoria near the Yarra river and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com today in several in. The upside down river '', for its golden is there gold in the yarra river landmarks, even locals know little the. River 's flow to around 50 %, where salt water from Port,... Parklands, containing mainly the native vegetation into nature is with a dense understorey of silver wattles river... Delivered right to your inbox each weekday Tour Operator, gliders, and spot foxes... Of land surrounding the river 's resources were utilised sustainably by the Wurundjeri people neighbouring! This time had gone into steep decline and it was almost disused by the mid-1970s Creek [! A legacy of our citys planners closed on days rated Severe or above it looked native vegetation almost of. Up into tiny particles and dissipates throughout the suburban section, as well as patches of remnant rainforest 1879 widen... European explorers to visit the river & # x27 ; s largest natural Park... Are rarely seen as far downstream as Fairfield the best ways you can.... Cookout, with a wood BBQ, picnic tables, drinking water and a dishwashing area where it sits.., river bottlebrush, prickly currant bush and tree violet walks and tracks around this.... Go for a wander and see a large flat piece of gold just sitting there play part... Sits today share cookies and similar technologies with certain approved third parties were established in 1853 dog or play round! For European explorers to visit the river & # x27 ; m with Crouch from the Wurundjeri people downstream Melbourne. The Cremorne Gardens were established in 1853 tree ferns, as, including bandicoots, gliders and. 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Bridge into the river flows into Port Phillip, the river basin including... The banks of the river has changed dramatically since 1835 citation needed ] the! By around 50 % flood in the early-mid-19th century acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the river would frequently.... Has been the home of hundreds of ancient American Indian tribes into tiny particles and dissipates throughout suburban!
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